
We know: you don't want to program for the Internet, you just want to learn
how it fits into your business. We believe you don't need a course in computers in order to decide
how the Web can work with your marketing strategy. We offer our Plain English
Internet Glossary as a public service.
If you are looking for the technical definitions of the bits, bytes, and protocols of the Internet, we recommend O'Reilly's Dictionary of PC Hardware and Communications Terms.
AOL has its own proprietary browser (the software needed to see a Webpage on your computer), and because of the work involved in tying that browser into the existing AOL "members only" services, it has stayed just a little behind the Open Web browsers like Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer (MSIE). AOL versions from AOL 5 on up are slightly modified versions of MSIE.
Meanwhile, the important things to know from a marketing standpoint are:
(Managers of nonprofits report that, judging from e-mail, many of their visitors also come from AOL, even though they may appear to be a very small number if you just look at the Web statistics.)
Naturally, technology-driven designers prefer to work with the "best and the brightest", and it is easier for them to design just for Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer, but make sure you control this decision, and that you make it for good business reasons. The AOL market is a very active consumer base. Many of the newest Netscape users are high school and college students--their parents are more likely to be using AOL.
It is possible to design sites that look good to both AOL and Netscape visitors, but it is more work for the designer, so you will need to be clear on your requirements in this area. If your designer is unfamiliar with how to meet AOL requirements, suggest they look into www.aol.com, a Website available to the general public with a special section of tips for designers.
Screen sizing on AOL: There is one more issue to be aware of when designing for AOL. It uses a "window in a window" format, which takes some of the space at the top and side of the screen for AOL's own navigation and commands. This means that in order to fit into the AOL Internet window, your site needs to be about 20% smaller than it would be for someone using just MSIE or Netscape. (For designers: at 800 x 600 resolution, the AOL Internet window is about 700 x 500). If you want to take advantage of the top consumer traffic on the Web, make sure your site fits into the AOL internet window.
Banners have become ubiquitous as a form of advertising on the Web. These are usually narrow graphics, sometimes logos, sometimes signboards, about an inch and a half high and about 4 inches long.
They are designed to fit on even a small laptop screen, and are often used to mark a place where the reader can click to get more information. Very popular sites, like Yahoo, actually sell bannerspace on their pages as billboard ads. Note that these ads are even better than static logos, because if the reader clicks on them, they will be delivered directly to your site for more information. Some popular sites sell banner space based on the number of "hits" on their page--that is, the number of different readers who will simply see the banner.
Beginning in 1996, large advertisers like Procter and Gamble began insisting that they would pay only for click-throughs (the number of people who actually clicked on the banner in order to visit the advertiser's site). However, this is not a really common practice, since just seeing the banner does have some ad value.
There are some popular banner exchange programs like The Link Exchange and Commonwealth--these trade banner space among smaller sites. You allow them to place a banner on your site, which rotates through their members. They keep track of the number of hits you get there, and the more hits your site gets, the more times your banner is displayed on other members' sites.
In addition to the direct selling of advertising space for banners, banners have two other uses on the Web. First, Yahoo and other search engines have been successful in selling "targeted bannerspace". In this case, rather than simply buying display space for your banner on the Yahoo search page, you buy the right to have your banner displayed based on what the reader is looking for. For example, Ford might buy the right to have its banner displayed when a reader is searching for information on trucks. These programs have been very popular with advertisers.
Second, banners often form a kind of letterhead at the top of each page on a company's own site. In this case, clicking on the banner doesn't usually do anything--it's just a logo display.
It is possible to do animated banners which have a cartoonlike effect, but so far these have been quite unpopular with readers, who find them distracting. Animated banners are more likely to be the work of a software services company which has designed its own banner than the result of consumer testing by a professional ad agency.
In Web design right now, the Bleeding Edge is mostly in multimedia technologies--adding sound and animation to Websites. Everyone loves them on a standalone demo system, but in the real world of the Web, the files needed to provide these features are big and slow, and it's not clear they can ever be made fast enough for consumer satisfaction.
Bleeding Edge implies a risk, not just new technologies. Note that although database integration, for example, is a fairly new technology with regard to the Web, it's never been considered "bleeding edge": everyone knows we NEED to be able to pull up order records and inventory descriptions and other databased information from the Web. It will happen, and it will happen in a practical manner--there are lots of people working on it now.
Online movies are something altogether different: no one's quite sure whether there's really a need for the latest in technotoys. They may end up being the equivalent of 3-D movies: we have the technology, but it's not used in marketing.
Bleeding Edge, like the Web itself, may end up being standard, but unless your market is 14 to 24 year olds, most marketing managers don't worry much about it.
(Also be aware that the use of Bleeding Edge technologies can disrupt your project budget: it's quite possible that your Web Designer may come back and say, "It took us two weeks to figure out how to do this.". New often means untried. If you do decide to use Bleeding Edge technologies, be very clear with your Web Designer upfront that you still expect predictable budgets and timeframes for commercial projects.)
What's a bookmark? It's just an address book entry for a Web Address. Some browsers call this a Favorite Place or a Hot Spot. Most browsers contain a simple "address book" where the reader can store the addresses of their favorite places. Click on the name of the place, and the Browser automatically goes there, like an online phone book with an autodialer. "BookMarking" a site just means adding it to your address book. When someone bookmarks your site, it means they're probably going to come back.
Browsers are the essential tool of the Web. The browser is the software program that runs on your computer and lets you see Web pages. Like Wordprocessors, different browsers do things just a little differently--and like wordprocessors, the proponents of one will have dozens of reasons why theirs is " so much better" than another one. But they really do all work about the same.
The biggest distinction is between graphical browsers and nongraphical browsers. It's simple: graphical browsers can show pictures. Nongraphical browsers show only text.
Why would anyone want a nongraphical browser? Probably because they run on a computer system that doesn't SHOW pictures, usually a remote terminal linked to a university system or a central processor in a country where personal computers are very expensive. The most popular nongraphical browser is Lynx. Some professional researchers also like Lynx because, without pictures, the Web can be very fast. It can take 20 or 30 thousand little dots to make up one 2 inch by 2 inch logo. In that same amount of time you can have downloaded and read an entire white paper on your research topic.
The most popular Graphical browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer (MSIE), Netscape Navigator (abbreviated NN or NS), Mosaic, and America Online's custom browser. We don't need to fight the browser wars here. Let's just say that, yes, they're all a little different: and, yes, they're all about the same. At the time of this writing (October 2000), if you included the AOL version, MSIE had about 80% of the market, Netscape had about 12%, and the remainder were other browsers, including nongraphical.
The Browser Wars is a business term being used to describe the efforts of Netscape and Microsoft to gain market share in the Browser market, similar to the "Cola Wars" between Coca-Cola and Pepsi. Browser manufacturers have two ways of attracting users. First, they can make the experience more helpful to the reader. This is how Netscape first gained its marketshare: it used a different type of display logic which let it display a page as much as ten times faster than its competition. Second, the browser can offer enhanced features to the producers of Websites--that is, it can give a page's author more control or more features. The page may even end up looking just the same to the reader, but have been easier to produce. Both Netscape and Microsoft have tried these approaches as well.
The problem from both the reader's and the marketing manager's point of view is that sometimes, in an effort to gain an edge, one of' the Browser manufacturers introduces features which are incompatible with other browsers. This can be a real headache. Standard designs are supposed to work for all Web readers, whether they're on a Mac, a PC, UNIX--whether they have a $800 4 year old computer system or this year's latest and greatest model. Some of the "extensions" introduced by Browser manufacturers in an effort to win the Browser Wars end up crashing other browsers, or producing pages that look great on that manufacturer's browser, but really bad on others. This is the equivalent of designing a Stereo sound TV set and then telling producers that make TV shows, "Well, if your viewers have our set, they're going to love it--but if they have any other brand, they're just going to hear 'beep beep beep' when they tune into your show." The benefit of the browser wars to the consumer is that each company is working hard to produce better features. The disadvantage is that there is a real temptation to move away from standards in order to get an edge.
As a marketing manager, the important thing that you need to figure out is which browser(s) your audience will be using when they come to visit your Website. If you don't know, or if it could be a mix of America Online, Netscape, MSIE, and even Lynx (very popular in international and educational markets), then you need to let your designer know that, because layout and animation features which are available in the most-advanced browsers are NOT supported in others. If you don't plan ahead you could end up with a site that looks beautiful to 60% of your customers--and horrible to another 30%.
One of the best examples of technology tromping on marketing concerns is Netscape's recommended method of handling situations where a visitor to a site has a browser that doesn't handle Netscape's newest Netscape-only features. They suggest putting up a sign that says,
This document is designed to be viewed using Netscape 2.0's Frame features. If you are seeing this message, you are using a frame challenged browser. A Frame-capable browser can be gotten from Netscape Communications.Do you, as a marketing manager, really want your customers to see this message as their first impression of your site? What if the visitor is the project manager for a petroleum company which uses their own hightech browser, capable of handling math formulas (something Netscape does not do well)--going to Netscape would be a step down for them! Or what if the visitor is a blind attorney, using a special text-to-speech browser? Or the CEO of a French company, trying to get through their Web research as quickly as possible?
As a marketing manager, you want every client to feel welcomed by your site, but many site designers don't understand this.
You'll hear a lot about Netscape's "80% of the Web." For various reasons (see Hits), those numbers are hard to measure. But there are two other important factors when determining which browsers you want your site designer to include or exclude from your site.
1. Design for Good Customer Relations--not the best fit to a popular browser.
You want people visiting to have a good experience, even if they don't all have the same
experience. A good designer has many ways of dealing with the multiple browser issue, including providing
a "text only" version of your site. It may not be as pretty, but it will still help you reach
a wider market.
2. Insist that your designer think about who your Website's visitors will be, not just general Web statistics. You're not really concerned with statistics for the whole Web. You need to know who your audience will be. Regardless of the "80% MSIE" numbers you may see in technology magazines, many commercial Websites report that 50% of their visitors are from America Online, and some online stores report that although America Online is only 25% of their visitors, they represent 50% or more of their sales. Yes, you want your site to look good, but this is one of the places where you, as a marketing manager, will understand the impact of demographics much better than most site designers.
You may need to explain to your designer that if you go to buy a television ad, you don't necessarily want 30 seconds on the show with the highest ratings. Your product may sell better to the Nightline watchers, or the NBA fans. You may want to place an ad on a daytime talk show or a children's cartoon show. You understand the value of qualified leads, and target audiences. Many site designers don't. So work with your designer. Make sure they understand that you don't want customers to walk away feeling that a door was slammed in their face. Then, try to identify your target market so your site designer can come up with a good match for them.
You may have to make a hard choice: do you want to look great to your target market, and just OK to your peripheral markets? Or do you want to look pretty good to everyone? Or do you want to spend more money on your site, and maintain multiple versions, so that it looks as good as possible to everyone?
Most experienced designers recommend a two-version Website: one that looks great to your target audience, and a second that looks OK to everyone else. There are some that recommend three or four or five version sites.
Be wary of any designer that recommends a single version site, unless you know with absolute certainly who your audience is--that missing 20% may include not just lost customers, but magazine journalists, industry specialists, and other reviewers who can be critical to your site's success.
For related target audience issues, see Screen Resolution.
There is one new area, though, where Microsoft has added some features to its browser which very few other browsers can handle These are the ActiveX features. More than that, ActiveX breaks the tradition of the Web of being available to people using Macs, IBM PCs, and UNIX computers all at the same time. At the present time, ActiveX is only available for Windows 95/98 and Windows NT. Again, that's useful when you know just who your readers are, but it can be very limiting on the Open Web, where any reader might have any combination of computer and browser software.
Every Webpage requires two machines: the sender's host or Server, and the reader's Browser. It's technically complex, but the basic idea is simple: the server is a sender, a transmitter, that sends the Webpage to your reader. The browser is the receiver, which displays it on the reader's computer. Servers are senders, browsers are receivers.
(Yes, technically, there's a bit of two-way traffic: the reader can, for example, fill in a form and send it back to the Server. So in that sense it's like consumer shopping over interactive TV: what the reader can send back is quite limited.)
This is why you don't really have any idea what your Webpage looks like on the reader's machine. It's like television: they could have a 48 inch ultracolor quadrophonic home system: or a black and white 3" inch portable. You don't know. So, you design your Webpage as best you can, and send out the information that will work for all standard receivers.
Note that both Microsoft and Netscape make both Server and Browser software. Microsoft's server package is called Internet Information Server: Netscape makes a variety of products, including the Enterprise Server, the Commerce Server, and so on.
The important thing to know here is that you don't have to match server and browser: a Netscape browser can read Webpages that came from a Microsoft Server and vice versa. Deciding what server to use often has to do with security issues, like whether your site needs to accept credit card numbers for ordering, and a lot of other technical features. If you're familiar with automated FAXing systems or voicemail information systems, it's the same idea: the equipment you choose for your office should work with any standard equipment that the consumer has at their location.
One more semi-technical note: technical people tend to use Server to sometimes mean the physical computer that the sending system uses, and sometimes to mean the software package like Netscape Enterprise server: and it seems like no matter which way you use it, they correct you. Just be patient on this one, and recognize that when they're talking about Server, they're talking about something to do with sending the Webpage, and it's probably something that you as a company have a lot of control over. If they're talking about the Browser, they're talking about the receiving part of the connection, it's on the reader's system, and you probably don't have much control over it.
As a marketing manager, you will help decide whether your company will purchase its own Server, or whether you will contract with a Hosting Service. It's generally more expensive to host your own Website, and requires an additional level of technical expertise. Most IS Directors prefer not to share space between computers hosting Websites and other company systems, because of the security issues involved when you get visitors from all over. When you do your own hosting, you have to maintain all the phone connections and Internet connections so that people can reach your Website. One technical manager says that the idea of hosting your own site is very similar to the idea of having your own television station: it may be justified for some companies, but not for most. It's probably more accurate to say that it's similar to setting up your own videoconferencing center. These are often cost-justified for large companies who will be making extensive use of them, but for smaller ones, or those who will use them less often, it's better to use a Videoconference Center's facilities. Running your own server is probably best justified when you run an Intranet--that is, when you use the server to communicate with your own employees. A single Website for marketing purposes may require updating only once or twice a month--a company Intranet may need updating every hour. The additional work and the difference in security requirements between a marketing site and one that manages confidential company information is often enough to justify bringing hosting inhouse in these situations.
If you are going to rent space on someone else's server, how do you find someone to host your Website? That's easy. Many Internet Service Providers offer these services. Your Website Designer should be able to help you evaluate the pros and cons of renting space vs. purchasing your own server.
Here's the one thing that you, as a marketing manager, need to know about caching: you can use the Cache to your advantage for a multi-page site, because with caching, the more often you reuse the same pictures, the faster the site will appear to your readers. Say you have a Webpage with 10 pictures. That's going to require 11 different requests from the reader's machine to yours. One request for every picture--even those little "bullets" and icons. Now suppose the reader goes to your page 2. Perhaps it has 10 pictures, too--but 8 of those are the same icons and bullets that appeared on page 1. The reader's machine will be smart enough to know that it already has copies of those 8, and it will use the copies first, making page 2 load much faster than page 1. This is why most sites load so much more quickly the second time you visit. When you design for the Web, you want to limit the number of unique images you have, because then you'll take advantage of the reader's Cache.
When is a Click not a "click"? There are a number of readers on the
Web who don't use a mouse. Some nongraphical browsers don't support
them--readers select hypertext links by using a right arrow or an
ENTER key. Some laptops use a trackball or a touchpad or other "pointer device"
instead of a mouse. However, just as we still say "dial 911" even for touch-tone phones,
click has become a short-hand way of saying "Do whatever the equivalent is on your
system/browser of a single left-mouse click."
Throughout this glossary, when we use the term Click we are using it in this sense.
Compuserve is sometimes abbreviated CIS, for Compuserve Information Service. America Online (AOL) now owns the Compuserve service, although it is maintained as a separate brand.
On the Web, Content is the opposite of fluff. It's words worth reading. Content can be graphical: a bar chart of company sales, or a photograph of a museum piece. It can be lists of Web addresses of other sites of interest to the reader. It can be just words. Poetry could be content; so can nonfiction like this glossary. A page that said, "Welcome to my Cool Page!" with animated fireworks would probably be low-content.
Many consumer surveys on the Web, including the largest at GVU, show that what makes readers come back to a Webpage is content, not pretty layout.
Use Bleeding Edge technologies and multimedia to win awards--
use content to win readers and keep them coming back.
If you want your site to win some awards, attract readers, get written up in magazines and newspapers, and have lots of other sites linking to it, then aim for a nice-looking page with lots of content. If you want your page to get picked as a Site of the Day and appeal to those who use the Web for entertainment, rather than for business or purchasing, then use Bleeding Edge technologies.
Both are legitimate marketing goals, but they're not usually combinable on the same page. However, and this an important issue to address with your Web designer, you may be able to accomplish both at the same Website. There are a number of sites that have one or two splashy pages, designed specifically to attract the attention of press reviewers looking for "cool", and which then provide high-content consumer pages and an online store or information center. First time visitors visit the cool page--repeat visitors skip it, and enter directly into the content areas. This can be a highly effective site design.
For an example, see HOTWIRED magazine's site. The first two pages are pure splash--fun the first time, but many repeat visitors bookmark the second page as their reentry point, to save those few seconds on repeat visits. Note also on the HOTWIRED site that the deeper into the site you go, the easier it is on the eyes, so that the magazine archives use a plain white background. This is the same idea: isolate the flashiness into entertainment areas, but keep the hard-core information (that is, the high content) quick to navigate and easy to read.
As Websites became more complex, and in particular as the typical site grew to be multiple pages, Website designers began looking for ways to keep information about a visitor from one page to another.
The most common purpose is shopping carts. Say you're visiting an online bookstore. You're looking for several books, one on marketing, one on chess, one on babycare for your sister.
As you wander around the site, moving from page to page, you'd like to put your selections in a "shopping cart," then pay for them all at once.
Before cookies, the information about you (the books that you want to order, but haven't ordered yet) was lost as you left each page. That meant commercial sites needed you to place an order from each page--or to wait, get to the end of your shopping, and then hope that you could remember everything interesting you'd seen.
Netscape decided to solve the problem with "magic cookies."
Netscape said essentially, "We know that security concerns on the Internet will not allow us to keep information about visitors at our site--but, we can build something into our browser so that the browser itself can remember some information (by writing to a predefined cookie file), and then the browser can, on request, pass all that information up to the server at one time."
To take another example, have you ever been to a site where the page said, "Welcome back!" ?
They know you've been there before, but NOT because of any information that the server is keeping in between visits. Instead, your own browser (Netscape or, at this point, MSIE) is keeping a bit of server-specific information in a cookie on your own system. When you get to the server, the server says, "Got any cookies for me?" and the browser says, "Yes, this one is for you"--and, bingo, the server knows you've been there before.
Lots of people love cookies--and some people don't. One of the main problems is privacy (not security)--people may not want to give the information back that the server is requesting.
Cookies cannot get data from your computer other than what is in the cookie file, and they can't get your email address or any information that you didn't give the requesting page in the first place. What they can do is store the information in between visits on your own machine, and then give it back to the site when you visit the next time.
Because distribution on the Internet is so inexpensive, it's tempting to think of using it like direct mail--to broadcast general advertisements to thousands of people.
The problem is that many people must pay for reading their e-mail. Would you hire a promotions director who wants to make collect calls to new prospects? That's the exact same impact you have on customers who receive unwanted e-mail when they have to pay for it. (This includes all members of the commercial services like America Online, Compuserve, Prodigy, etc.)
Those who are most sensitive about costs probably use special utilities that pull in batches of e-mail as quickly as possible off their account, which means they don't have the option to delete unwanted e-mail--it's paid for before they see it.
Now you know why the commercial services want so much to block "Junk e-mail" from their members. It's not just a question of convenience: their members are complaining because they must pay for these unwanted advertisements.
Yes, e-mail is a wonderful way to distribute information about your company and products--provided you're working with a qualified list of people that want to receive the information. Sending unwanted e-mail, or posting ads to noncommercial areas may generate some sales: but it will also generate a lot of flames, and alienate many more potential customers than it gets.
Your Website is an excellent way to get qualified names of prospects interested in receiving information. You can then add them to your mailing list. Just make sure that any mailing list includes instructions on how to "unsubscribe" so that they can remove themselves from the list when they want to. That way you preserve customer satisfaction and still get the advantages of very inexpensive distribution.
The first step in designing a marketing piece is to consider the impact on the audience. Many marketing managers find it helps to think of their Webpage as a television "infomercial", and their e-mail as telephone soliciting. People rarely have a hostile response to an infomercial--they just change the channel. If they do stay, it's because something caught their interest. They want a good combination of information and product. Telephone soliciting, though, usually finds a much less receptive audience. It's easier to seem intrusive and damage your company's reputation. The fact that e-mail may seem less expensive doesn't automatically make it a better marketing choice. Add in the fact that many readers must pay for their e-mail, and your e-mail marketing becomes telemarketing by collect call.
Assuming that you are sending e-mail to qualified prospects, you will probably want to look into an Autoresponder. Similar to many fax-back services, an auto-responder is a program that will automatically generate a response when an e-mail comes in. This is very useful both for handling information requests and for generating order acknowledgements.
Your Website and your mailing list can work together. Include announcements of new Website features in the mailing; provide a way for visitors to the Website to sign up for the mailing list. Web information can be more visual, is easier for the reader to navigate, and is generally speaking to readers in a receptive mood, since they came to you. e-Mail is appropriate for all-text items, for short announcements, and for directed or more private information.
Netscape 3.0 recently introduced the capability of sending e-mail which looks just like a Web page, with pictures, color, etc. They call this feature HTML MAIL. The problem with this, as Netscape discovered about a month after its release, is that it also opened the door to the same kind of security problems that plague some Webpages: if a reader has this "HTML Mail" feature turned on, they can receive a "letter bomb" that will temporarily disable their system. No reports of permanent damage have come in, but if a reader was doing two things at once, like working on an Excel spreadsheet and reading their mail, having to restart their system to clear the "letter bomb" could cause them to lose some work. HTML mail is still very new, and reaches only a limited audience.
Flame is a nasty note, or hostile letter, either written to a public forum or sent privately. Flamers usually think they're justified, and are particularly fierce in attacking what they see as misuses of the Internet.
A Flame War is an exchange of this type of note between two people.
Marketing managers have to be most concerned about flames when a promoter, intentionally or unintentionally, posts something that is perceived as an advertisement to an area that is regarded as noncommercial. This will generate a lot of hostile response, and can be very damaging to a company's reputation.
Suppose you have a page that has some text and 10 tiny graphics. The way the Web works, the reader's system will have to ask your site for 11 things: the main page, plus the 10 graphics. From a marketing point of view, that's one hit. But some statistical packages will count that as 11 hits!. Even worse, some packages continue to count hits if the reader reloads the page, or goes to an information form and comes back. Readers who have images turned off (usually for speed reasons), or who are using nongraphical browsers like Lynx, may get counted only once, while a graphical browser like Netscape gets counted those same 11 times. Finally, some online services like America Online (AOL)"cache" your page on one of their machines. What that means is that the first AOL user who requests the page causes a copy of it to be written to an AOL machine. From then on, whenever other AOL users request the page, the AOL caching machine checks with your machine to see if the page has changed. If it hasn't, it hands its member a copy of its cached copy. This can result in significant speed improvements for the AOL members--but it means your statistical packages may not count those AOL readers among your hits for the day.
In addition, because of the hypertext nature of the Web, if your site has 5 pages, you have no idea in what order a reader will visit. Some may start at page 3, read 3 and 4, and then leave. Some will read 1,2,3,4,5. Many will read 1, 2, 1, 4, 1, 5 if your first page has the Table of Contents, or 'Navigation Bar' for your site. If you only count hits on page 1, you'll miss counting the readers from page 3. On the other hand, you might overestimate the number of readers because of those who keep going back and forth from page 1 to other pages.
This is sort of like trying to estimate the circulation for each separate page of a magazine, and then using that to estimate the total circulation for the issue!
In an effort to stop double and triple counting visitors who are jumping between pages on the same site, many statistical packages count each visit from a single Internet Service Provider only once each day. That takes care of the navigation counts, but, then, of course, you're back to a situation like the one with AOL's cache: you may be getting many visitors from the same ISP, and you won't know it.
Hits are important, because they're the same as the circulation of your site: how many readers did you get? But as you can see, you miss counting all the secondary readers. In addition, depending on how you count, you may be overestimating or underestimating your readership. Most marketing managers prefer to get hits counted on the basis of one per page, not one per graphic. A number deal with the navigational hits issue by reading the same numbers two different ways: once counted as one-per-ISP, and once counted individually. As far as AOL readership goes, you'll just have to estimate that.
Like any circulation estimates, Hits require interpretation and analysis on the part of the Marketing Manager.

